黄柏苷对黄檗种子休眠程度影响的初步研究

为研究黄酮类化合物黄柏苷与环境温度、种子休眠程度的相关性,探讨黄柏苷在温度信号介导中可能存在的作用。以高效液相法检测不同生长地及年度黄檗叶片中的黄柏苷含量、滤纸培养法检测黄檗种子发芽率确定其休眠程度并持续监测生长地气温;通过在黄檗繁殖器官上喷施黄柏苷,考察黄柏苷对种子休眠程度的直接影响。结果表明,生长地花期均温相差3℃,黄檗叶片中黄柏苷含量均值相差54.46 mg/g,层积30天种子发芽率相差40.45%;不同年度间花期均温相差1.16℃,黄柏苷含量均值相差4.83 mg/g,层积30天种子发芽率相差23.07%;喷施黄柏苷,可使种子休眠程度显著加深,种子发芽率降低57.34%。研究结果提示三者之间存在环境温度越低,黄檗叶片中黄柏苷含量越高,黄檗种子休眠程度越深的关联,温度对黄檗种子休眠程度的调控可能是通过调节黄柏苷含量,经过某种体内途径实现的。     

伊犁河谷14种野生观赏植物种子活力及休眠破除研究

研究伊犁河谷14种野生观赏植物种子特性,探究其种子保存方法及休眠破除的最佳方案。结果表明,1)低温干藏和超低温干藏处理后,所有种子的活力均有不同程度的下降;2)顶冰花、喜盐鸢尾的种子休眠破除均对赤霉素响应不敏感;马兰、天仙子、菥蓂、团扇荠、花葵、锦葵和欧夏至草在0.1mmol/L赤霉素处理时萌发率最高,而酸模、毒芹、白芷和夏枯草在1mmol/L赤霉素处理下萌发率最高;3)低温干藏和超低温干藏后,顶冰花、白喉乌头、喜盐鸢尾种子休眠对其不响应;低温干藏后,马兰、酸模、花葵、团扇荠、天仙子种子萌发率较高,而超低温干藏后,菥蓂、锦葵、毒芹、白芷、欧夏至草和夏枯草种子萌发率较高。     

Effect of soil moisture during stratification on dormancy release in seeds of five common weed species

Although the effects of cold stratification on the release of physiological dormancy in seeds have been studied extensively, knowledge of the role of soil moisture content on seed dormancy release during cold stratification is limited. Our study determined seed dormancy characteristics and the effect of soil moisture content on seed dormancy breakage during cold stratification in the five common weed species Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium hybridum, Plantago lanceolata and Setaria glauca. Seeds of all five species were dormant at the time of harvest and their germination response to light and temperature varied. Soil moisture content had a significant effect on seed dormancy release of all species except P. lanceolata. Germination percentage of A. retroflexus, C. album, C. hybridum increased and then decreased as soil moisture content increased, regardless of germination test temperature. The optimal soil moisture content and seed moisture content for dormancy breakage of A. retroflexus, C. album, C. hybridum were 8%, 12%, 8% and 22.0%, 37.7%, 25.7% respectively. Dry storage (after‐ripening) significantly increased germination of S. glauca. Moreover, increasing soil moisture content first slowed and then increased dormancy breakage in S. glauca. These results suggest that data on soil moisture content should be incorporated into models that predict weed seed dormancy breakage and timing of seedling emergence as well as those for weed management.     

Determination of Festuca filiformis seedbank characteristics,seedling emergence and herbicide susceptibility to aid management in lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium)

Festuca filiformis is a common perennial grass in lowbush blueberry fields, but little is known about the general biology, seedbank characteristics, seedling recruitment or susceptibility of seedlings to currently registered herbicides. The objectives of this research were to determine (i) the presence of F. filiformis seedbanks in lowbush blueberry fields, (ii) whether F. filiformis seedbanks accumulate near the soil surface in lowbush blueberry fields, (iii) the dormancy status of fresh F. filiformis seeds, (iv) the temporal patterns of seedling recruitment in established F. filiformis populations, (v) whether F. filiformis has a vernalisation requirement for flowering in lowbush blueberry and (vi) susceptibility of F. filiformis seedlings to various herbicides currently registered in lowbush blueberry. Festuca filiformis formed a seedbank in lowbush blueberry fields, with an average of 1660 ± 272–5680 ± 1409 seedlings m^?2 emerging from soil cores collected from two infested fields. Most seeds were located at the soil surface, providing opportunities for seedbank management through predation or burning. Fresh seeds lacked dormancy and readily germinated, although germination was reduced by dark conditions. New seedlings emerged in spring and autumn and required vernalisation to flower. Seedlings were susceptible to several currently registered herbicides in lowbush blueberry, although mortality rates were highest in plants treated with glufosinate, flumioxazin, glufosinate + flumioxazin and terbacil. Growers should avoid movement of seeds on machinery, and additional research should be conducted to determine the effects of registered herbicides on F. filiformis seedling recruitment under field conditions in lowbush blueberry.     

扁桃休眠期前后结果枝内矿质营养的变化及其对坐果的影响

分析扁桃结果枝休眠期前后矿质元素的积累与代谢变化及其对坐果的影响,为扁桃低产园的改造提供理论依据。选取连续3a持续低产和高产的2个果园作为研究对象,以新疆主栽品种‘纸皮’扁桃为试材,分析在休眠期前后结果枝木质部和韧皮部中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、B、Zn、Fe、Mn和Cu 10种矿质元素质量分数变化差异,同时统计2个果园当年坐果情况。结果表明:(1)扁桃休眠期前后高产园和低产园中扁桃结果枝中的矿质元素变化趋势基本一致,休眠期扁桃结果枝内的矿质元素仍呈积累或代谢状态,休眠前期质量分数升高,到扁桃打破休眠萌芽前后质量分数急剧下降;(2)扁桃休眠期结果枝木质部和韧皮部中N、P、K、B和Mn5种矿质元素质量分数均表现为高产园的高于低产园的;(3)扁桃休眠期结果枝矿质营养的积累水平直接影响着翌年扁桃的坐果率和产量。因此,加强扁桃园的管理,促进休眠期结果枝矿质营养的积累是提高扁桃坐果率和产量的重要措施。     

Functional dominance of different aged larvae of Bt-resistant Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on transgenic maize expressing Vip3Aa20 protein

Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is the main target pest of transgenic maize expressing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) in Brazil. To optimize resistance management strategies, we evaluated the functional dominance of different aged larvae of Bt-resistant FAW on Vip3Aa20 maize. We measured the survival and development of Vip3Aa20-resistant, -heterozygote, and -susceptible strains on MIR162 (expressing Vip3Aa20) and Bt11 × MIR162 × GA21 (expressing Vip3Aa20 and Cry1Ab) maize. The resistant strain, from neonate to sixth instar, showed more than 72% survival on Vip3Aa20 maize. From surviving larvae, more than 64 and 54% developed to pupae and adults, respectively. In contrast, heterozygote and susceptible strains showed no larval survival up to fourth instar, and less than 25% larval survival in the fifth and sixth instar on Vip3Aa20 maize. These larvae produced less than 21% of pupae and adults. The development time of FAW strains from neonate-to-adult exposed to Vip3Aa20 maize was similar; however, the resistant strain showed an increase of ∼ 2 d when compared to those fed only non-Bt maize. In summary, the resistance of S. frugiperda to Vip3Aa20 maize is functionally recessive from neonate up to fourth instar larvae. However, high larval survival of resistant strain and some survival of heterozygote larvae in advanced instars on Vip3Aa20 maize were observed. These results will be important for designing insect resistance management to Bt maize plants expressing Vip3Aa20 protein in Brazil.     

不同覆盖措施对减少枣林休眠期土壤水分损失的影响

针对黄土丘陵半干旱区林地土壤干化缺水严重的现象,利用2012-2015年3种覆盖措施下土壤水分定位实测数据,探讨和分析全年覆盖措施对枣林休眠期土壤水分损失的影响。结果表明:休眠期是枣林地土壤水分损失的重要时期,无覆盖枣林地土壤水分损失85.64~92.34 mm,是同期降雨量的2.12倍。当地枣林地土壤水分损失的土层深度基本在0~200 cm范围。在0~200 cm范围土壤垂直剖面上,休眠期3种覆盖措施下土壤水分损失均呈现随深度增加而均匀减少的规律。休眠期0~200 cm土层秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖和石子覆盖土壤水分总损失量分别较裸地减少38.32、50.56、40.48 mm。覆盖措施可以促进休眠期土壤水分向深层运移。     

Low disturbance seeding suppresses weeds in no‐tillage soyabean

Germination is a key process in the dynamics of weed populations. In no‐tillage systems, crop seeding is often found to induce seed germination in the seeding strip. In this research, experiments to investigate options for reducing weed seedling establishment were conducted in no‐till soyabean fields located in two sites in south Brazil. A first experiment revealed that a reduction in emergence of some important weed species can be achieved by lowering seeding speed. Further experiments showed the ability of a modified seeder to contribute to an additional reduction in weed establishment. On the modified seeder, coulter discs were equipped with lateral blades, to diminish soil disturbance and to maintain a uniform soil cover by properly cutting the mulch layer. In a field with a high level of residues, the modified seeder, in contrast to the standard seeder, prevented the increase of soil exposure when seeding at high speed. The predominant weeds were annual species. Averaged over all seeding rates, the new equipment led to a 56% reduction in within‐row weed density, compared with the standard seeder. Regardless of seeder type, overall weed density increased with seeding speed, but with the modified seeder, this increase was only half that of the standard seeder. The modified seeder reduced weed biomass by 30% and increased soyabean grain yield by 42%. The research demonstrated that relatively simple changes, like a minor modification to a seeder and a lower seeding speed, can contribute to more diverse and sustainable alternatives to predominantly chemical‐oriented weed management strategies.     

细叶百合低温解除休眠过程中鳞茎细胞淀粉粒及花芽分化的变化

以细叶百合为试材,通过低温(5℃)解除鳞茎休眠,研究了休眠解除过程中鳞茎细胞的淀粉粒的变化及细叶百合花芽分化的变化过程。通过石蜡切片和实体显微结构观察,结果表明,低温冷藏期间,顶芽生长锥的高度和宽度逐渐增加,细叶百合花芽分化主要分为4个时期,0~48 d为小花原基分化期,60 d为外轮花被原基分化期,72 d为内轮花被原基分化期,84 d为雄蕊和雌蕊原基分化期;鳞片及顶芽细胞内淀粉粒数量随着冷藏时间的延长逐渐减少。冷藏0~24 d内,鳞茎细胞没有进行有丝分裂,冷藏36 d以后细胞分裂数量逐渐增加,冷藏84 d分裂期细胞数量增加到2.6个。